As of January 15, 2019, Mongolia's population stands at 3,145,727 according to the latest United Nations estimates. Approximately 90 percent of this population consists of Mongolians, with 8 percent being Turkish natives and a small number of mongolized Khamnigan people of Tungus origin. The Halh people make up about 80 percent of Mongolia's diverse population, while the remaining 20 percent includes various ethnic minorities such as Kazah, Tuva, Oold, Bayad, Dorvod, Zahchin, and others.

Historically, Mongolia's population has experienced fluctuations; in 1918, it was just half a million and significantly lower than in the thirteenth century. In terms of global population, Mongolia constitutes around 0.04%, ranking 137th among countries by population. The population density is approximately 2 people per square kilometer, with a total land area of 1,553,560 square kilometers. About 72.9% of Mongolia's population resides in urban areas, totaling around 2,307,710 people in 2019. The median age in Mongolia is 27.4 years old.